The Capped Liberty Head Quarter Eagle was minted in 1821 through 1834. These were redesigned by Robert Scot the US Mint’s head engraver. These were based on John Reich’s 1808 design (Type I or Large Capped Liberty Bust Large Diameter) the reverse is almost a complete duplication of Reich’s. This series was reduced in diameter from 20 millimeters to 18.5 millimeters (Type II or Small Liberty Head Large Diameter) and retained the same mass of 4.37 grams 22 Karat gold.
This 91.7% gold content is different than “Crown Gold” which is 22 karat gold with 8.3% copper. In general the United Stated used a 70% copper with 30% silver alloy to mix with the gold to achieve its 22 karat gold. This 2.49% total silver content may actually be as much as 6% and there is not sufficient documentation to know from year to year what this copper silver alloy composition is.
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Robert Scott had passed away in 1823 and was succeeded by William Kneass. In 1829 Kneass made minor alterations as the coin was reduced to a diameter of 18.2 millimeters (Type III or Small Liberty Head Small Diameter). With each of these reductions in diameter the coins became thicker to retain the same gold content.
The quarter eagle had not been a very popular coin and with the turmoil in Europe and the war of 1812 they had not been struck since 1808. The numbers minted are quite low, especially in 1826 when only 760 were struck. The highest quantity was produced in 1821 with 6,448 and then they were not minted again until in 1824 which are all over strikes of 1821. They continued to be minted every year without any variations, however all of those from 1825 are over strikes of the 1825 and 4,434 of these were minted. There were Specimen (Proof) strikes produced throughout the series; about 5 from 1821 through 1830, about 10 for 1831 to 1833, and about 15 in 1834. All Capped Liberty Head Quarter Eagles are considered to be rare and scarce in the higher grades.
Even though 4,000 were minted in 1834, gold was revalued and the weights of all US gold coins were being decrease. Most of the 1834 Capped Head quarter eagles were retained by the Mint and melted down and the Classic Head quarter eagle with the reduced weight began being minted later in 1834.
The obverse has Liberty’s head facing left with the date directly underneath at the rim and thirteen stars encircling the rest of her, evenly spaced, along the rim of the rest of the coin. Many will notice the rather matronly Liberty of Scot’s design and not Kneass’ attempt to rectify this. Also Type III has smaller, stronger, stars and letters that were apparently made with a punch designed by Christian Gobrecht. However the big change was the actual minting press which had a ‘collar’, allowing stronger strikes and the adding of the edge’s reeds with one strike on one machine. The earlier coins struck on presses without the collars do vary slightly in diameter due to spreading and the edge reeding was added by a different machine.
The reverse has a bald eagle ‘perched’ in the center with a national shield over its breast. It clutches three arrows in its left talon and an olive branch in the right. The denomination is directly underneath along the rim, “2 ½ D.” and a banner arching over the eagle’s head between its spread wings reads “E PLURIBUS UNUM”. Encircling the rest of the coin and running along its rim is “UNITED STATES OF AMERICA”.
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